Since infants are a vulnerable population, FDA work has focused on measuring levels of 3-MCPDE and GE in infant formulas to ensure the safety of infant formula. Refined vegetable oils are a major component of infant formula, because fats from added oils are important for infant nutrition. To better understand the potential risks of 3-MCPDE and GE in foods for humans, the FDA has developed methods to measure these contaminants in foods, conducted surveys of edible oils and other foods containing edible oils, and researched the potential adverse health effects of 3-MPCDE and GE. In studies of rodents, 3-MCPD caused adverse effects on kidneys and male reproductive organs, and both 3-MCPD and glycidol caused cancer. The highest concentrations typically occur in refined palm oil and palm olein oil, but 3-MCPDE and GE also are found in other refined vegetable oils (such as safflower, coconut, sunflower, and soybean oils) and refined marine oils (such as fish oils).ĭuring digestion, 3-MCPDE and GE break down to the organic chemicals 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidol. During industrial refining, 3-MCPDE and GE can form in edible oils when the oils are heated at very high temperatures to remove unwanted tastes, colors, or odors. Both food manufacturers and consumers use edible oils as an ingredient in foods and for cooking. 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) are contaminants that can occur in edible oils, such as vegetable oils, and foods made from these oils.

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